Recently, physicists from Britain, Italy and other four countries published papers in the journal of the New Physics, an IOP journal. They proposed the concept of "quantum battery" and proved theoretically that multiple qubits are entangled with each other. The "quantum acceleration" can provide a shortcut for charging, so using a quantum battery to charge faster than traditional batteries.
Quantum batteries can have many physical forms, such as ions, neutral atoms, photons, and so on. The qubit can be in two states at the same time. In a quantum battery, these two states represent different energy levels. Charging represents changing the qubit from a low energy state to a high energy state, and discharging is an inverse process. These special qubits are called "working qubits" because they can be used for future work after they are stored.
Essentially, any controllable quantum system with a stable characteristic energy state can be considered as a battery. The important difference between quantum systems and traditional batteries is that the connections between qubits are very close and the entire qubit array can be used as a quantum state.
The researchers show that during the charging process, entangled quantums have shorter distances between low energy states and high energy states than entangled quantums, and the more quantum bits, the stronger the entanglement and the faster the charging process. The charging time is inversely proportional to the number of qubits. Therefore, if 1 working bit is charged for 1 hour, 6 working bits will only take 10 minutes. However, in reality, it is impossible for a typical quantum system to maintain the quantum state for so long. It will interact with the surrounding environment and decoherence.
In addition to decoherence, another obstacle to the use of quantum batteries in reality is that they can store too little power relative to the power requirements of mobile phones, electric vehicles, and other devices.
The co-author of the paper, John Gould, a physicist at the Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics in Italy, said: “Quantum systems have several orders of magnitude less energy than everyday electricity equipment. We just prove it theoretically. Quantum physics can accelerate the input of energy into a system."
In addition, there is a big problem that: In addition to heat (disorder energy), the quantum battery can do work (directional energy). The researchers plan to further study the quantum effects in thermodynamic processes to better understand the potential applications of quantum batteries. (Reporter Chang Lijun)
Ferroalloys, a broadly defined ferroalloy is a product that is used as a deoxidizer, elemental additive, etc. in steelmaking to add iron to certain properties or to meet certain requirements.
Property: The main element of the ferroalloy generally has a high melting point, or its oxide is difficult to reduce, and it is difficult to refine the pure metal. If it is together with the iron, it is easier to reduce the smelting. The use of ferroalloys in iron and steel smelting, in which iron is not only harmless, but because of the fusing of molten steel is more favorable. Therefore, deoxidation and alloying in the steelmaking process are mostly added in the form of iron alloys. Iron alloys are generally brittle and cannot be used as metal materials.
Purpose: As a deoxidizer for steelmaking, silicon manganese, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon are the most widely used . As strong deoxidizers, aluminum (aluminum iron), silicon calcium, silicon zirconium, etc are used . Commonly used alloy additives are: ferromanganese, ferrochromium, ferrosilicon, ferrotungsten, ferromolybdenum, ferrovanadium, ferrotitanium, ferronickel, niobium (neodymium) iron, rare earth iron alloy, ferroboron, ferrophosphorus and so on. A variety of ferroalloys, in accordance with steelmaking needs, are regulated in many grades based on the content of alloying elements or the level of Carbon contained, and the impurity content is strictly limited. Ferroalloys containing two or more alloying elements are called composite ferroalloys. The use of such ferroalloys can add deoxidizing or alloying elements at the same time, which is beneficial to the steelmaking process and enables the more comprehensive and efficient utilization of symbiotic ore resources. Commonly used: manganese silicon, silicon calcium, silicon zirconium, silicon manganese aluminum, silicon manganese calcium and rare earth ferrosilicon.
Ferroalloys
Ferroalloys,Ferro Silicon,Ferro Tungsten,Different Shape Ferroalloys
Hwa Seng Resources (Hong Kong) Co., Limited , https://www.hwaseng-resources.com