Relationship between human behavioral stage and fire development stage 1
Relationship between human behavior stage and fire development stage 2
The focus of research on people’s behavior in fires is to analyze the sequence of people’s behavior in a fire. Sequence, also called sequence, refers to the sequence of reactions that people make to satisfy individual security needs after being stimulated by fire. The purpose of studying the sequence of people's behavior in fire is to find out the regularity of human disaster fire behavior order, provide reference for performance-based fire protection design, reasonably formulate fire prevention plan, and better do rescue work. In fact, because the types of fire accidents vary widely, the firefighting awareness and psychological quality of personnel vary from person to person, and the order of actions cannot be mechanically repeated in the same way as the installation of machinery and equipment. At present, this aspect of the work remains to be in-depth.
I. Influencing factors of the sequence of actions
There are many factors that affect the order of personnel behavior, of which gender, role, and occupation and responsibility scope have the greatest impact on the behavior of people in the fire.
( I ) The influence of gender on the sequence of behavior
In the investigation of human behavior in the MGM hotel fire, it was found that men generally believed that the fire was not so harsh. Their reaction sequence was first to prepare for evacuation, and then to call other people or understand the fire. On the contrary, women are the first to understand the fire and greet others. There is no doubt that when they were conscious of escaping from the fire, the fire had deteriorated considerably.
Contrary to what is happening in public buildings, there are far more men who perform fire fighting behavior in private homes than women. Relevant statistics indicate that this proportion of men is almost twice that of women. This may also reflect the dominant role of men in the family that caused the husband or father to leave the building later or return to the building in search of family members.
( B ) the role of the role of the order of the impact
The so-called role refers to the position of the individual in all social relations, which is determined by the individual's self-evaluation and the degree of recognition of the surrounding environment to the individual. The position of the same individual in different social relations is naturally different, even if the location of the same-individual in the same social relationship will change due to different time and conditions, that is, the role contains a specific space-time condition. All roles are not personally identified but objectively given. For example, in a hospital fire condition, medical personnel are the organizers of the natural leader in handling fires, evacuating the organization, and guiding evacuation. The patient, no matter how high he is, will naturally be in what job (except fire protection) he was previously working on. Subordinate position, and strongly expect the guidance of medical staff, accept grooming.
The Refuge Safety Research Laboratory of the Japan Fire Research Institute conducted a survey and analysis of behaviors of service personnel in hotels, hospitals, department stores, and general buildings in a fire. The investigation of the fire is burning an area of less than 500 m2 in death or the death of more than 500m2 of 3 or more fire. The first and second reactions of the service personnel in various types of buildings after the investigation of the fire.
After the fire broke out at the hotel, 58% of the service personnel first responded to the fire extinguishing, 27% of service personnel responded with the first reaction, and only 4% actively guided the evacuation of customers . Only after the initial failure to extinguish the fire has a marked increase in evacuation and escape.
After confirming the fire, department store service personnel did not directly guide the evacuation, but sought to extinguish the fire before the customer was evacuated. However, if the fire fails, the customer will be quickly guided to evacuate. Because of the fire they thought that organizing evacuations without the customer's knowledge would cause confusion.
In the integrated building management staff, the first reaction after the fire was confirmed was mostly fire extinguishing. There were also many escapes after seeing the fire, and almost all the escapes after the initial fire extinguishing failed. This shows that in an integrated office building, due to the independence of the units, the degree of recognition of the service personnel in the surrounding environment is inconsistent.
The survey found that hospitals are different from other hotels, department stores, and general buildings. The first response of medical staff is to actively guide patients to evacuation. After the initial failure of fire extinguishing, a considerable number of second reactions also led the patient to evacuation. After confirming the fire. None of the first-response staff of the medical staff is self-escaped, which is also related to their professional characteristics.
A survey of human behavior in fires in corporate office buildings was conducted, and the staff’s behavioral response in fires was related to the scope of occupation and responsibility. In general, the first response of the warehouse manager and the male library staff is mostly responsible behavior, such as yelling at other people, calling managers or fire brigades, taking fire extinguishers, removing valuables, understanding the fire situation, and finding Fire point, turn off the gas, turn off the power, extinguish the fire in the kitchen, and guide people to evacuation.
Second, the behavior of people in the fire mode
The so-called model refers to the standard style or form that can be used to follow suit. Because people's reactions to building fires are irregular, there is no exact model in fires, and the ultimate goal of human behavior in fires is to rush toward the exit (including passing stairs) or other evacuation areas at the fastest speed. The following outlines the behavioral trends in different situations.
( I ) Relationship between behavioral patterns and fire phases
Wood for survey data 925 times a private house fire victims analysis showed that human behavior patterns and fire stage are closely related. When only seeing that the smoke did not get clear relevant conditions, people's first reaction is mainly to extinguish and understand the fire. When the fire is confirmed or the fire is considered to be relatively large, most of the behavior changes to call other people to escape from the fire together. .
China's residential fires also show similar phenomena. After the fire broke out in the next room, if the fire spread quickly to his residence, the rescue of property was dominant. When he discovered that he was in danger of being swallowed by the fire, escape was the only choice. For example, in the fire in the Linjian Peng area of ​​Liulitai, Tianjin, due to the poor management of the fire igniting the linoleum, the neighboring residents rescued their respective properties and did not concentrate their efforts to extinguish the fire, causing the fire to spread rapidly. When the fire directly threatens their safety, Abandoning the family has led to major acts.
When fires occur in public places such as department stores, hotels, office buildings, and supermarkets, people always show an adverse reaction to escaping and blindly congregating in the early stages of the fire. Therefore, service and management personnel should stabilize the emotions of the staff at the initial stage of the fire and guide the crowds to evacuate from the safe evacuation channel as soon as possible.
( b ) The relationship between behavioral patterns and roles
People's behavior patterns and roles have a great relationship. For example, in hospital fires, most of the first reactions of medical personnel, regardless of whether or not they have been trained in firefighting, are to evacuate the patient in a timely manner. Even when the pyrotechnic fire is obviously endangering their own safety, the medical staff also has to fulfill his obligations to the patient, which is related to the medical staff. Professional awareness and role have a great relationship.
In the Kensington Garden Sanatorium fire, the on-duty guards successively evacuated three patients who had difficulty walking. When he wanted to return to the ward again to transfer other people, the smoke in the fire area was filled and the automatic smoke prevention door was completely closed and it was impossible to enter. In this case, he still went down to the first floor and accessed the ward from the roof entrance through the outdoor stairs to guide the fire brigade from the outdoor stairs into the fire area to rescue the patient. In another hospital fire, the head nurse on duty had issued an evacuation order on the fourth floor. The visibility of the corridor was extremely low when it reached the burning area on the second floor. Visitors from the other side were faintly visible. Under such harsh conditions, the head nurse still checked the wards on both sides of the corridor from beginning to end and closed the doors. The Japan Fire Research Institute ’s statistics on the behavior of 20 hospital fires also showed that the first reaction of the medical staff after confirming the fire was related to the rescue of the patient.
Based on the previous discussion, we can see that the behavior patterns of people in a fire generally follow the following rules:
1. There was a fire in the hotel. Since the passengers and hotels had no interest, the passengers' first response was to evacuate.
2. In hospital fires, due to professional responsibilities, the first-response of medical staff is to actively rescue patients;
3. In the fires of office buildings, due to differences in the status and responsibilities of personnel, there are major differences in behavior. For most people, it is mainly waiting and evacuation.
( III ) Selection of behavioral patterns and exits and stairs
The choice of exits and stairs in the evacuation process has a great influence on the behavioral patterns of the people. The study found that the vast majority of people in high-rise buildings chose to evacuate using stairs. For example , a survey of 554 people in the MGM fire revealed that 437 people ( 78.8 %) were evacuated using stairs , and the most used stairs at both ends of the building were used. This is because the central part of the building was completely filled with smoke early in the fire.
Persons have a tendency to choose the evacuation route as much as possible along the line of daily habits (homing instinct). Canadian scholar Rauls concluded by analyzing the large-scale evacuation of high-rise buildings that exits that are not normally used are rarely used by evacuees. For example, in a hospital fire, people would rather crowd in frequently used hot-air-filled staircases and would not try to use other stairs to escape the fire. In fact, medical personnel also rarely use these infrequently used stairs to evacuate patients.
Only when the habitual use of exits and stairs are closed by smoke, fire or human conditions, for physiological needs (flood to the windows to breathe fresh air) and psychological needs ( to tend to gather, to overcome fear ) are used towards non-customary use. The evacuation of the exit. For example, in the fire of the residential building of the Songjiang Hutong in Tianjin, when the only wooden staircase was burned and collapsed, the people awakened by the fire chose other unconventional exports, such as jumping out of the window to escape and using the sunroof to escape.
( 4 ) Relationship between behavioral patterns and gender
Gender has a great influence on the behavioral patterns of people in a fire. The study found that during the development of the fire, men tend to stay in the building to try to extinguish the fire, while women choose to flee at a higher rate and try to shout someone else or wait for further guidance.
“Return†refers to the return of the affected individuals who have fled the fire area to the fire area before the fire is extinguished. The study found that relapse behavior is more common in men's behavior and the proportion of women is significantly lower. Some people analyzed the statistics of 925 private residential fires in the United Kingdom (of which 2,193 were dead ). The return behavior was as high as 43% . Among them, 36% of the returnees were motivated by self-extinguishment, and 15% were for the purpose of saving property and finding family.
Analysis of 161 fires in the 11 districts of the United States also found that 30% of the respondents had relapse behavior, and the ratio of men and women in the re-entry behavior was 61:39 . This fully demonstrates that the re-entry behavior has obvious gender characteristics.
The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.
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